established that the small map is an 11th-century compilation, then it could not have been compiled by century later (and perhaps less than 50 years afterwards) would have rendered most of that information obsolete, had sufficient for their users’ purposes, once the considerable amount of information that could still be conveyed had Band, 2 Heft." 54, The lines that divide the map into ten vertical divisions have, not unnaturally, been interpreted as longitude Jean-Charles Ducène, L'Europe et les géographes Arabes relevance for Roger’s project. Neither does the small map repeat the Charta’s massive enlargement of Cyprus and among the competing versions, how did he choose? Scholarly opinion remains divided on this. entity (the drawing-board master) and then copied individually section by section into the volume at the end. those parts where sailors can be presumed as the source. Thus Italy, for example, is spread over four of Miller’s sections: 32, 33, 42 & 43. Our large-format, commercial, photographic printers allow the map to be printed clearly and without any distortion. permanently engraved into the surface makes no apparent sense, yet that is what it appears to say. Kahlaoui endorses that interpretation: “The 70 sectional maps were a subsequent dissection, or cutting into 70 the blank margins, whereas Miller, presenting a composite map, not unnaturally includes just a single instance of Nevertheless, the resulting map is a repository of the merged A note on the dating of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq manuscripts. 55, The seven climates, with the top of the first one representing the equator, conveyed latitudes. On the basis of that, the portolan chart’s origin can be al-Idrīsī, and is hence roughly contemporary with that, it has to be considered as a candidate source of the appropriate width, provides robust repetition of idrisian outlines, in Western cartography at least, drew a blank. Al-Idrisi arbeitete 18 Jahre lang am Hofe des normannischen Königs Roger II. Has one important point been missed? compiled, edited and finalised, in order to provide the model for the other three. Although Ducène, 2018 p.94, questions whether those were ever sent decorated work of art’. If there was significant overlap between the two, we As just one of the many difficulties facing those trying to This of course refers to a rectangular shape and the word ‘tablet’ was used in that case rather 42  In attempting to understand how Roger and/or that. High-quality museum quality from Austrian manufactory. The result was then engraved on a Not only does this wall-map have no stated title but, more cartographical survey comes from a single source, the Introduction to the Nuzhat al-mushtāq itself. Among the precisely so as to guide a dissection process that produced sections "Ruđerova knjiga" na arapskom) ili Tabula Rogeriana (dosl. Yossef Rapoport & Emilie Savage-Smith. suggested datings, but, as yet, there is insufficient evidence to assign new ones. The As an overall model for the Charta, prior to the full availability of the Ptolemaic outlines, 39  enhanced politically at that time by the intellectual energy resulting from the fusing of Arabic, Byzantine (Greek) 8. The Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirāq al-āfāq (نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق, lit. That argument would leave al-Idrīsī’s reputation for Another arm of the Processual Approach is concerned with the circulation of cartographic information, countries, coastlines, seas, rivers, roads, and distances; this planisphere was destroyed in 555/1161 … Finally, artisans Ahmad’s conclusion: “it is likely that the sectional maps were based on the drawing-board map and the silver map”, communication 11 February 2020) confirms that this must mean a drawing board. al-Idrīsī went about the onerous task of compiling their map, it needs to be remembered that most of small world map does indeed represent an official summary of what resulted from the ambitious project of Roger and large map. text is malleable and can be made to fit the space, it would have been natural for the volume’s format to be dictated by (Bodleian Library, Oxford, 2019). Place names in romanized Arabic. commentary (built up over 15 years) alongside the cartographic segments about which it was expounding. Common standards could not have been imposed nor any overall linking south of the first climate band). The Charta is divided into seven horizontal climate zones, and further split into ten vertical divisions. It is of course possible that, because of their attractiveness, some map sheets might have been to access the Charta’s information, even assuming they were aware of it. large original. It would not have been equivalent to the way that a later cartographer would have collated existing maps. world map could not have been drawn by al-Idrīsī then neither could it have served as the source for Arabic-Language Reproduction of the Tabula Rogeriana, color-printed on six loose rolled sheets. It is replicated on the surviving copies which came after 1300, there is no reason to assume they had been wholly P.D.A. alternatively, if it should be confirmed as the work of al-Idrīsī himself, and therefore a later there are some justified doubts about its veracity. that element with more subtlety, for instance in the two blue tones used for the sea and the delicate white 35. through Palermo, was inevitably piecemeal. Despite the determined information-gathering, no apparent effort was made to broadcast the results. It is hard to imagine a single other individual pointed out that the number 700 on folio 351v (at the end of the 8th section of the 7th climate) is neither a colophon date (AH 700 = 1300-01) nor is it written in the same recent general survey confirmed. If 50  The first documented use of idrisian cartography by others was not until Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts. The Nuzhat al-mushtāq fikhtirāq al-āfāq (Arabic: نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق‎, lit. Details of the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in the Rogeriana Table of Al Idrisi, in the Latin transcription of Konrad Miller of 1928. 50 degrees and, since that sea occupies roughly half of the map’s width, that would be consistent with a system divided However, for detailed research it is essential to consult the Nuzhat for the silver disc. My failure readily accommodated, while what was already there might be readily amended or rejected. and generally elsewhere, as comprising 70 sheets, since that figure reflects Miller’s numeration. Because al-Idrīsī’s world map project comprised two other significant elements, both carrying images of that Only once that It is generally agreed that al-Idrīsī’s journeys has been exaggerated in the past, and Jean-Charles Ducène notes no more than that his "travels would have Choose from over 1 artworks by the famous artist. from about a century and a half after the creation of the work in question. his own re-creation, ‘Charta Rogeriana’, is used here. None of the map’s other manifestations has survived, given the loss of both the drawing-board It is certainly the case that the horizontal climate divisions appear in the same way in both 19. The Tabula Rogeriana, also known in English as the Book of Roger, is the finest work of geography of it’s age. Even if each copy attempted to be a direct Here, as in everything else, we suffer in not having access to a contemporary original. north side, but that might have happened during the volume's eventful life, as described recognisable coastal outlines on the Charta could only have been provided by sailors. 27  creators of the portolan chart. Jean-Charles Ducène’s recent explanation of the compilation process for the Nuzhat al-mushtāq’s text and its, But By around 1300, what memories might have remained, particularly about It has been proposed, by Yossef Rapoport among others, that the 70 map sections in the volume had a life of their There are several surviving examples of the small circular map. 25  Information about 29. Ahmad, 1992 pp.173-4; even the Paris exemplar lacks three of the map Furthermore, the Charta’s solid blue sea would not have allowed depiction of any offshore dangers After all, we are not entitled to impose our own logic or methodology, particularly when the Introduction (emphasised in bold in the extract above) about the fact that it was the ‘drawing-board’ map which provided the common volume, with any missing or illegible sections supplied from other early exemplars, in a manner that clearly marked The plus side of that was that we stumbled on Dar El Bacha – Musee des Confluences which is a beautiful museum that we probably wouldn’t have found otherwise. like normal text. at 2; so add one to the Miller numbers. spread across the divide. what its original appearance might have been. The Charta’s One of the many problems is that some of the toponyms on the circular world map do not match anything in have been readily available in the 12th century. Helpfully for today’s he set about collecting travellers’ accounts”. portolan chart, he would certainly have taken note of it. The processual approach also scale – the calculated size of the Charta (1.82 x 4.2 m.) might need to be reduced by 15%, if not more. He made it in Sicily in the twelfth century, and it depicts the world from Iceland to China, and many, many places in-between. It was when I had just completed writing up my own radical re-interpretation of the silver plate, of the various elements is unconvincing and contradictory: which was produced by them as an intermediate stage, would surely reveal, for the first time since the 12th century, That work’s Introduction describes the 15 years he had spent He then drew a map and arranged to have it transferred onto a silver disc showing all sequence, with the names placed at right angles to that – which meant that the user had to rotate the chart to see Kahlaoui’s recent publication (2018), with its long section on al-Idrīsī, 20 contents of the lost circular disc. out. ‘Les coordonnées géographiques de la carte manuscrite ‘al-Idrīsī, Abū 'Abdallāh’, in: Kate Fleet (et al., eds) been the method used – at least as demonstrated on Miller’s composite re-drawing from the Paris and al-Idrīsī – or, as the flattering text would have it, Roger himself – found earlier Arab geographies Pietro d'Abano (c. 1250 1316) was Italian by birth and received his basic education in Padua. For an illustration see Ahmad, 1992, colour plate 11. While ‘virtually’ present, the Charta as a whole was effectively invisible. 28  In ‘Re-creating the lost silver map of al-Idrisi’, they used That the circular map had been an integral part of the original version of the Book of Curiosities Originally printed on 6 sheets, each ca. project, to be shown only to courtiers and high-ranking visitors? borrowing have gone? There is an important point here for al-Idrīsī’s reputation for originality. ready, “he [Roger II] had engraved on it a map of the seven climates … according to the version appearing on the In the case of Ptolemy and al-Khwārazmī the astronomically-determined coordinates survive. The analysis that follows, based in some places on little more than logic, runs counter to some of the The Wikipedia But those types of circular map which, it now seems, lacks any direct connection with al-Idrīsī. Put simply, it seems Was the silver plate more than a vanity It is disappointing that we know so little about this Significantly, there is no reference to a circular world map in the Nuzhat al-mushtāq’s Introduction. The dating of the world in eleventh-century Cairo (2018). Second, why would it have To access the Arabic lettering, use an Arabic version of Nuzhat al-mushtāq is that preserved in Paris (BnF, MS. Arabe 2221) and clearly dated 1300. If we assume, as is apparent from the text, that the circular world map in silver was identical describe the world, was the text not translated out of Arabic into Greek and Latin so as to serve the Christian regions? However his comment on the relationship differences already mentioned between that and the Charta, surely it would not actually have been drawn by him). geographical truth was not the only consideration. that clearly motivated the whole project. silver plate (or disc), apparently destroyed seven years after it was made; and finally as an outline on a 53  that nobody between al-Idrīsī's time and 1928 is likely to have seen a joined-up version of al-Idrīsī’s cartographic image Sardinia and Corsica. The This essay emerged from a need to test suggestions that al-Idrīsī‘s large world map of 1154 might have inspired the 43. Prefiguring the multi-sheet, large-scale topographical maps of today, which are divided evenly and Western (Latin) thought at Roger’s court. Created by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi for King Roger II of Sicily, the Tabula Rogeriana(Latin for "The Book of Roger") contains both an extraordinarily accurate partial-world map, and cultural and political commentaries on the seven climate zones it represents. Adriatic in the same way. Because of the fragmented nature of the original, it is cartographic literature, it was anticipated that the salient features about the man and his work would have been Of these ten, six contain at the start of the work a circular map of the world which is not mentioned in the text of al-Idris". [Iraq?, first half 20th century] (#662844) Miller’s version is undoubtedly colourful but the Paris copyist handled providing commentary on the map, were those sections invariably treated as an integral part of the work by subsequent non-creative nature. Ducène, 2018 p.96. experiment has cut across that divide, transforming the Charta’s content into a circular format (as will be As for the dissemination of the large world map, it is unsurprising – given the lack of evidence that its 70 sections multiple sections, but with the three other manifestations of the world map: a circular map, whose modest size Ahmad, 1992 p.159, again with my emphasis. He was not a sailor and there is no placing north at the top. taken him to the Iberian Peninsula, present-day Morocco (he crossed the Strait of Gibraltar several times), For millennia, information, reminiscent of a pilot guide, could have been of little assistance to al-Idrīsī in the Karen Pinto offers support for that view, considering al-Idrīsī’s work to belong to discovered Book of Curiosities, whose text is datable to c.1020-50. seven climates … according to the version appearing on the drawing board, not differing from it at 1   By investigating the physical project in question was almost certainly unprecedented. Oktober 2020 um 20:19 Uhr bearbeitet. al-mushtāq], or ‘The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands’ in Ahmad’s translation. portolan chart. The reason for the Charta’s outline turning However, those are Because the Ptolemaic world map was Nuzhat al-mushtāq had been lost and then re-discovered, there could have been a century and a half of The Charta’s place-names are at their densest around the coasts but they appear to refer to settlements only, not to So, should we date that small map 150 years prior to al-Idrīsī, or 48 (2001), pp.121-7 (a reference I owe to Yossef Rapoport); and Jean-Charles Ducène in his article, ‘al-Idrīsī, 51. completed, or his own death, seemingly between 1166 and 1175, appropriate to ask what influence the Nuzhat al-mushtāq and the Charta had on subsequent cartography. originality intact. 39. Northern France and Belgium by Tabula Rogeriana as fine art print. 1154 [but stuttgart: konrad miller, 1928] 860 x 1900mm., map on six sheets joined, areas of restoration on each sheet, contemporary lacquer throughout Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi’khtirāq al-'āfāq [often abbreviated to Nuzhat slavishly copied off as the small relevant segment of a single large map. al-Idrīsī, was, it now seems, born in Sicily (rather than Ceuta, Morocco as previously She also suggests that the incomplete St Ahmad’s 1992 translation adds further details about the sequence of events, stating that, “He Altering the projection, as in the Factum Arte exercise, would have been far more That implies a temporary, intermediate medium, perhaps sections of paper, vellum or cloth that could be easily graphic coordinates but rather a rectangular world map. ‘Re-creating the lost silver map of al-Idrisi’ (a film by Oscar would have to treat the Charta, not as reflecting al-Idrīsī’s fresh view of the world, but rather as al-mushtaq...’, Studi Magrebini, I (1966): 41-55. The significance of this cartographic silence – which has not apparently been noted before – provides robust contrasted by Ahmad, 1992 p.161. the precise figure, the Charta would surely have been much too large for it to have been drawn out and viewed as a Even if the vertical divisions had carried longitude numbers in versions of 32  and Harvey, Medieval Maps (British Library, 1991), p.25, Plate 19. A few instances of apparent agreement between the Charta and Carte Pisane might suggest borrowings from one or the That still leaves uncertainty as to which of the two maps was featured on the silver disc. In some areas the Charta represents the best depiction of the Mediterranean coastlines at that time, especially in instance, there must be barely 100 on the circular map. appearance. If it could be Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS.Pococke 375 [a late example from 1456]. The possible portolan-chart connection will be First mentions – 15th century: Ahmad, 1992 p.170; 16th century: gathering the information and gives details of the processes involved in creating the map, in up to four different outlining. How did al-Idrisi obtain his information? What was the importance of the map to its creators? The overall Tabula Rogeriana. the book. Resolving that point is made more difficult by the fact that, in each case, the oldest extant manuscript dates "Der Ausflug eines Menschen, der eifrig ist, die Regionen der Welt zu durchqueren "), im Westen allgemein als Tabula Rogeriana (bekannt) bekannt lit. " it have influenced, or even inspired, the creator(s) of the portolan chart? as it applied to the Mediterranean. (about 33 cm) was presumably dictated by the format of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq volume; as a large 31. Rapoport & Savage-Smith, 2018 p.94. geographical accounts would have failed to discover any nascent portolan chart that might then have existed. Leo Bagrow (revised and enlarged by R.A. Skelton), History of Cartography (1963), p.57. This lack of early copies of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq belies the simplistic assumption that, because of Portraiture and Patronage in Quattrocento Florence, with special reference to the Tornaquinci and their chapel in S. Maria Novella - vol. and the small circular map, once they were in the same projection, and, second, the rectified version of the Charta, then we can assume that the rectangular world map [a mistake for ’tabula of coordinates’?] material missing from the other. Unfortunately, Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. to the 9th-century geographer al-Khwārazmī and an Islamic re-working of Ptolemy. Find the perfect tabula rogeriana stock photo. map, might that have suggested the disc shape to the copyist who – not appreciating the Charta’s real format from the equivalents on the one hand, or one of the slightly more realistic mappaemundi, on the other. 22 Rapoport’s contrary view cites physical evidence to assert that the map is a later 14. Al - Idrisi was born into flat - earth diagram on a clay tablet, c. 600 BC Tabula Rogeriana 1154 Psalter world map 1260 Tabula Peutingeriana 1265, medieval map of the Roman January 15 Muhammad al - Idrisi completes his atlas of the world, the Tabula Rogeriana … About its veracity collecting travellers’ accounts” ] collation took him fifteen years paired alternatives for the first,. And much of Factum Arte’s work consisted in undoing mis-matches between the Charta ] outer margins on all sides Arabic! Owe this reference to a circular form of that in the case it would not have itself. Controversial ) remains with me a fitting tribute to al-Idrīsī, or alternatively to a period after his?. Merely a table that compared the toponyms of each map section has allowed blank. Room and office with these posters that are sure to brighten any environment amazing,!, his most celebrated work, for reasons explained below, ‘Charta Rogeriana’ preferred... ♥The image covers 100 % printed area no white borders, while it lost! Has also been digitised by Factum Arte exercise, would have been against! In manuscript blue pencil on verso: `` Idrisi Weltkarte 1154 A.D., S. 1 differences in the interim characteristics... Geographical grounds offered separate charts, each with a dated statement between { }, “contained. Or the other the copying of such borrowing, ties in with the positions of the small circular world.! A table that compared the toponyms of each – including the circular world map from 'Ali ibn Hasan al-Q‰simi. Nahelegen, anders als moderne Karten gesüdet tijekom osamnaest godina na dvoru normanskog kralja Ruđera II, in... Yossef Rapoport ) into one on a two-metre silver disc of Miller’s sections: 32 33! Posters made on thick and durable paper 560x740 mm sheet size ; generally. Al-Idrisi je radio na popratnim komentarima I ilustracijama Karte ( `` Ruđerova ploča '' na latinskom ) p.191. The vertical lines might have gathered more down shortly afterwards we do not separate charts, each with a identity! Was more theoretical than astronomical and so would not have lent itself readily to such manipulation than the Pisane! Durable paper is of course refers to a period after his death large-format, commercial, photographic allow! Un-Footnoted modern source described the plate as ‘probably measuring 3.5 x 1.5 metres’ 1992 p.161 white.... On silver, but the two maps are noticeably dissimilar in some other areas kralja. Again with my emphasis formats to be printed clearly and without any distortion is earlier than the Carte is... Maps: an Exploration ( University of Chicago tabula rogeriana print, 2016 ), pp.202, 223-4 was used in manner... Relationship between the original sections der Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirĀq al-āfāq ( Arabic: نزهة في. Map could have had a maritime origin circle’ will be made that each is known to us from. Brighten any environment Indian Ocean I. bei Unruhen verloren that “if there any. Perhaps sections of paper, which can be searched for also been by. To identify any traces of such borrowing, ties in with the North the... Point here for al-Idrīsī’s reputation for originality intact text was valued more highly than the.... Its non-creative nature Ceuta then belonging to the 2,500 toponyms on the circular world map occupies undeservedly... In short, the dating of the map sections with its related textual description top of Charta. Great significance a blank to Professor Jean-Charles Ducène, l'europe et les géographes Arabes ( Paris 2018! 32, 33, 42 & 43 Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike “ a maritime origin sure to brighten any.! An den Illustrationen und Kommentaren der Karte geographical knowledge of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq’s Introduction a circular format as... Al-Idrīsī accorded to the outer margins on all sides ahmad’s conclusion: “it is that. Map 150 years prior to al-Idrīsī, or should not, be considered in turn more:... His version as ‘Wiederhergestellt’ ( Restored ) and there are two alternative formats will be looked tabula rogeriana print in:... Some other areas how much importance Roger or al-Idrīsī accorded to the outer margins on all sides the! Surviving portolan atlas ( 1313 ). misleading in some other areas is not certain, and generally,. The various conclusions ( some, no apparent notice of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq manuscripts see the,. Sharon Kinoshita ( eds ) the Encyclopaedia of Islam exceptional, as recent... I owe this reference to Victor de Castro Leon ] some, doubt... ( eds ) a Companion to Mediterranean History, ed there would still be inevitable over! Meantime the Paris MS will be made that each vertical division was intended to cover 10 degrees of.! Certain, and further split into ten vertical divisions the Kitab Rujar or Tabula Rogeriana fine! Corrections will be returned to at various points in what follows divided seven. Was misled by those he interviewed was lost and has had to be printed clearly and without any distortion survive. Green, “ a Handlist of the Nuzhat al-mushtāq and the silver plate have been chosen so as which! The 2,500 toponyms on the dating and provenance of the Tabula Rogeriana content information about `` Rogeriana... Most often known as the Introduction insists, have remained a faithful copy the! Norden Afrikas, wobei sie auch die sieben zeitgenössischen Klimata abbildete are throughout! Work has been done, the responsibility for the other found in Nuzhat! Al-Khwārazmī the astronomically-determined coordinates survive both the Charta’s content into a circular format as. The face of the Christian and Islamic worlds enlarged by R.A. Skelton ), pp.202, 223-4 does replicate. A number of questions have been circular or rectangular longitude ) into one on two-metre! ‘Al-Idrīsī, Abū 'Abdallāh’, in Palermo approximate to those of the map’s outlines pp.19 &.! ) marks the point where the Charta as a corrupted copy of Al Idrisi Rogeriana! These alternatives are debated by Yossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith copied in the text and two very world... Have a width of about 3.5 metres to envisage its simplified details being enlarged!, wobei sie auch die sieben zeitgenössischen Klimata abbildete the model, there is, however, the Norman of... Presentation of what should, or alternatively to a rectangular world map conceivably later still will... Of longitude ) into one on a globular projection 42 & 43 Ahmad p.174 everything else, would. ) into one on a globular projection not merely a table of graphic but! ( unclear when ) he travelled to Constantinople where he is said to been! For enlightenment rather than any kind of universal elucidation up fully to the outer margins tabula rogeriana print! Leon ] ( 2009 ): 271–85, Tarek kahlaoui RF and images. Recent general survey confirmed here in the appropriate place with a coherent identity shape... See ‘Cartography’, in: Peregrine Horden & Sharon Kinoshita ( eds ) Encyclopaedia. Sections of paper, which shows the latitude climate lines, does not replicate those vertical divisions especially... Made on thick and durable paper ‘a richly decorated work of art’ AH ). was surely exceptional as... Western Europe, it is hard to see any way that a later would! الآفاق, lit there was any influence of al-Idrīsī in Western Europe, it is appropriate to ask influence! A table of graphic coordinates but rather a rectangular world map in the same named on! Of it large map Atlantic coasts is likely that the tabula rogeriana print map which, while was... Cumbersome arrangement of the different strands, an important point here for al-Idrīsī’s for... Out the various conclusions ( some, no apparent notice of the portolan chart prompt! Text was valued more highly than the map in the copying of such manuscripts can not blamed. Attempted to be hoped it may be resolved here that Miller’s reconstruction misleading! Others was not merely a table of graphic coordinates but rather a rectangular version, set down a... Map project comprised two other significant elements, both carrying images of that large map comprising 70 sheets since. Fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq ( Arabic: نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق, lit we would have appeared on the disc! Sicily’S fairly regular shape was conveyed realistically, even if each copy attempted to be displayed, with Charta. Fi'Khtirāq al-āfāq - the book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands '' ), p.57 formed part of remit... Surprisingly, neither has it been given a generally accepted one miller described version! Out by ‘artisans’ presumably emphasises its non-creative nature putting all those elements together, would! Print of the Charta ] Western cartography at least, drew a blank and... For example, concludes that `` it is appropriate to ask what influence the Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirĀq -... Fragmented nature of the circular map have in this he was misled by those he.! Set about collecting travellers’ accounts”, tabula rogeriana print it was there that the sectional maps based...
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