The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), based in Erbil in northern Iraq and led by the duly-elected Nechirvan Novan Barzani since June 2019 participates in the federal state institutions in Baghdad, but the Kurdish area is considered a semi-autonomous region. In today's Republic of Iraq, where Islam is the state religion and claims the beliefs of 95 percent of the population, the majority of Iraqis identify with Arab culture. The atmosphere of the city once compelled people to call it "Venice of the East." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/current-situation-in-iraq-2353055. The AutoZone was completely engulfed in flames. 2003 - Today Following the deposition of Saddam Hussein in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Iraqi Governing Council and the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance began printing more Saddam dinar notes as a stopgap measure to maintain the money supply until new currency could be introduced. The last decade of conflict — and prior centuries of violence — in Iraq makes the country look and sound like a constant war zone. It is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq and is subdivided into 1,000 fils (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990. In 1932, the Iraqi Dinar replaced the Rupee at a rate of 1 Dinar to 11 Rupees and was pegged to the British Pound until 1959. Here are photos of what Mosul looked like during more peaceful times: 1. Manfreda, Primoz. Iran today has a population of 80 million, more than three times that of Iraq at the beginning of the Iraq war. Traditional community leaders in Sunni areas have been at the center of opposition to the Shiite-led government and have backed the efforts to counter the influence of extremists such as the Islamic State and al-Qaeda. Mosul is a highly attractive city within the Nineveh province that has a vast supply of oil. NPR's Korva Coleman speaks with … They look like everything.” My father was born in Baghdad. In the marshes in southern Iraq, along the Tirgis and Euphrates rivers, the “Marsh Arabs” continued … Imam Hussain's Shrine 85 Points of Interest & Landmarks • Religious Sites. The city used to be largely known for its diverse population, hosting people ranging from Arabs, to Kurds, Christians, Turkmen and Jews.Â. The trip is taking place despite concerns about the pandemic and security. However, this does not mean that women do not dress in a Western fashion in Iraq today. Manfreda, Primoz. The first flag of modern Iraq was in Mandatory Iraq, and was adopted in 1921.It was a black-white-green horizontal flag, with a red triangle extending from the mast side, inspired by the flag of the Arab Revolt.It was soon changed to a new version with a red trapezoid replacing the triangle and two seven-point white stars on denoting the Tigris River, and the Euphrates River. Then the Republic of Iraq was overthrown yet again in 1968 in a coup in support of the Baathist Party that was also backed by the army.Â, Located at the tip of Iraq, with Iran to the east and Kuwait to the south, is the ever vibrant city of Basra. The Hebrews in the picture bowing down to king shalmaneser, clearly look like what we would call an African american today lol I ain’t never seen no white Jew with Wooly hair and a flat nose. So that removes the suggestion that Babylon is in Iraq. Later Saddam Hussein's dictatorship, from the 1970s to 2003, tried to "Arabize" the diverse city with massive forced displacement and deadly persecution. https://abcnews.go.com/International/video/airstrike-iraq-looked-24912757 Manfreda, Primoz. https://www.thoughtco.com/current-situation-in-iraq-2353055 ISIL, which grew out of al-Qaeda after the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces, was formed by Sunni militants. Here's what Baghdad looks like today. Their Holidays Kick Ass. Polo is believed to have originated in Iran and was certainly played during the reign of Darius the Great. 12 years ago, we invaded Iraq. ThoughtCo. Glimpses of ordinary life in Iran are few and far between. What does Iraq’s near-term future look like to them? Its armed wing has fought against the government forces, rival Shiite groups, and Sunni militias. At three, I survived Gulf War I and then lived through the economic sanctions for the next 12 or so years. On Jan. 5, 2020, in response to ongoing disruption in the region, the U.S.-led international coalition announced it was suspending its ISIL fight to concentrate on security for its bases. In coordination with the Global Coalition […] "Current Situation in Iraq." 03.20.15. Jan. 19, 2016 at 1:13 p.m. UTC. Most of the territory in Iraq once controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been recaptured. The main mosque and its complex is known to be right where the Battle of Karbala occurred in the year 680. Iraq’s new prime minister has formed a government in the hope of uniting the country’s factions, but challenges in combating corruption, powerful militias, and foreign influence loom. Do you agree? Typically crowded streets in Baghdad were nearly empty today except for police officers manning checkpoints on major streets and outside mosques. Prophet Muhammad's grandson Hussein and 72 other members of the family were killed in a slaughtering because of their attempted revolt against a caliph, and now "the shrine represents the greatest tribute to martyrdom.". The Iraqi dinar (Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈnɑːr]) (Arabic: دينار; sign: د.ع; code: IQD) is the currency of Iraq. Relative peace covered most of Iraq for a few decades after it gained independence from British rule. The Iraq of the 1950s and 1960s had a more collected manner, albeit with limited violence. “New media platforms like Instagram mean that anyone with a phone and Internet connection can take part in changing the representation of this region. Baghdad was the name of a village that the Arabs chose to develop as their capital and is in the central plains. During British occupation in World War I, the Indian Rupee was introduced as the first official currency of Iraq. Borj-e Azadi, Tehran. Iraq is bordered by Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and the Persian Gulf. Another battle of Karbala occurred in the U.S. invasion of Iraq as well. There is still no consensus on what a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq should look like. "Current Situation in Iraq." Civil and Islamic law. And that past goes back to the beginning of civilization," Michael Goldfarbwrote on his time in Mosul. The Anti Christ is a ruler, or recognised as such and will be a world King and ruler. An F/A-18E Super Hornet launches from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln on May 10 in … by Ali_Vazir-BBJeffery. No nation can think of itself as normal or stable when bombs kill and maim hundreds each year in the biggest urban areas. Despite the devastation, all onlookers should take a moment and look to its beautiful past. The potential for economic development is huge, but violence remains endemic and many Iraqis fear continued acts of terrorism by jihadist groups. It would probably go about it in its time-honoured fashion; initially taking down Iranian air defences and so on. Experts differ wildly on the wisdom of killing the powerful Iranian … Sadly, its peace was squashed later as the country dealt with national violence in the 90's and beyond. Iraq’s new prime minister has formed a government in the hope of uniting the country’s factions, but challenges in combating corruption, powerful militias, and foreign influence loom. In and out of government for over a decade, the group led by Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr is called al-Sadr Movement. Just as the Rasta and Dervish Jews above are seen as authentic, so too are these soul-searching religious Jews authentic. "Smothered in history, it is yet another place where the past never dies and isn't even past. What does the legal system in Iraq consist of? Below we have some photos that highlight what Iraq was like before decades of war and conflict affected the county. Even leading up to the peaceful years of the 1950s and 1960s, violence wasn't a new concept for Baghdadis.Â. Built in 1971, the Azadi tower became an icon of Iran's capital city, Tehran, and … Both the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers also meet just north of Basra and lead right into the Persian Gulf. No one was hurt at the bases, but in the confusion, a Ukrainian civilian passenger jet was destroyed by one of the missiles, killing 176 people. 6. "Smothered in history, it is yet another place where the past never dies and isn't even past. Â, The beautifully diverse population of Mosul sadly posed an issue for the region and all of Iraq throughout its history.Â. Within a few years, Iran had not only retaken its territory, but also launched an offensive against Iraq. The northern border areas near Iran and Turkey are mountainous and experience … In November and in response to the protests, Abdul-Mahdi was dismissed as prime minister but remains in a caretaker role. Primoz Manfreda is a researcher and political risk analyst who covers political and economic trends in the Middle East. It looks like the nicest country ever. U.S. Policy in the Middle East: 1945 to 2008, Hezbollah: History, Organization, and Ideology, The Iran Cables: Secret documents show how Tehran wields power in Iraq. If you went there and traveled around Baghdad, unless you were in the immediate vicinity of a suicide bomb, it would look … Although mass killings of protesters as seen in Iran have not occurred, more than 500 protesters have been killed and 19,000 wounded. Iraq declared independence from the League of Nations mandate under British administration on October 3rd, 1932. Iraq is a country at war with itself, mainly through its Shiite and Sunni groups, plus others, and so badly divided and damaged, that it forms the center piece of war and destruction for the entire region, most notably the birth of ISIS, or Islamic State today, a brutal, totalitarian regime of religious fanatics, who treat women as property and sex slaves, and who like to behead anyone they deem unfit to be among their … Wiki User Answered 2010-10-23 23:48:30. Iraq was once peaceful, believe it or not. Despite Iraq's long history of violence, there were actually calmer times. Iraqi followers of Shiite Muslim cleric Moqtada al-Sadr are a part of the al-Sadr movement. Since then, the Iraqi dinar has gone through a number of iterations, each incorporating newer and better security features. Bordeing the autonomous independent region of Kurdistan in Iraq, just southeast of Mosul is a comparable city also known for its oil fields: Kirkuk. For Shia Muslims, it reaches importance comparable to other holy sites, such as Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. Of course, it wasn't a time without troubles: In the 1950's, Jews were being expelled in the north and the decade's turbulence served as a building up of two upcoming coups.Â, Image Credit: Getty Images. Iran has decent relations with Russia and China but no stalwart great-power allies; as one of the world’s most isolated countries, it does not have many allies at all. Iraq seems like a hopelessly broken place. The group proclaimed the desire to form a caliphate in Iraq and then resorted to unspeakable violence and horror to achieve its goal. In the peaceful past, Baghdad was a bustling and growing city. Bertil Videt, via Wikipedia. Current Situation in Iraq. However small, a majority of Jews residing in Mosul went on an exodus to Israel from 1950 to 1955. Backed by American-led coalition airstrikes, Iraq government forces celebrated their recapture of the city in July. Well, few countries have the level of free speech that Americans enjoy. The region flourished as the University of Basrah was founded in 1964. The video presents how the city stood and lived before the waves of violence, terrorism and conflict.Â, South of Baghdad is Karbala, a teeming metropolis with a deep-seated religious history. This Islamist group appeals to low-income Shiites with a network of charities. Impacts of the Iraq War on the Middle East, Biography of Saddam Hussein, Dictator of Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Uprising Explained, Leaders of the Middle East: A Photo Gallery. All the Europeans Jews are converts and came down and destroyed the land before capturing it. The second-largest cultural group is the Kurds, who are in the highlands and mountain valleys of the north in a politically autonomous settlement. With elections set for May, it appears Iraq is on a peaceful streak. At a certain point in … A conflict with Iran would not be like the Iraq War. A conflict with Iran would not be like the Iraq War. COVID-19 lockdowns are lifting, and the world we are emerging into looks different. Here’s a brief look at why Francis is visiting Iraq, what the trip will entail and what he hopes to achieve. The country’s topography is much more challenging than Iraq’s. This marked the first year of true independence and recognition for the nation. Farhoud, like many other Iraqis, was conscripted. Those threats have abated, but the region remains uneasy and the future uncertain. This Babylon is a centre of Satanism, Occultism as well as sorceries. Protests erupted on Wednesday after a Minneapolis police officer killed a black man named George Floyd using excessive force during an arrest on Monday. https://abcnews.go.com/International/video/airstrike-iraq-looked-24912757 Recent events have stoked fears that a war between #Iran and the #UnitedStates is imminent. Protests, which had ceased after Soleimani's assassination, started again on Jan. 11, this time rejecting both Iran and the United States. The group, which came into existence in 2014, consists of a large number of intellectuals, analysts, and former Iraqi politicians who advocate for women’s rights, equality, Iraqi independence from foreign control, and a nonsectarian approach to governance. Looters busted windows and raided a Target store then moved on to an AutoZone. It would be worse. More Americans have been killed by the COVID-19 pandemic than in the Korean, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan wars combined, and the carnage … It grew into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi. Iraq, in the Middle East, is 168,754 square miles (437,073 square kilometers), which is comparable to twice the size of Idaho. You had to have permission to travel abroad. 20 photos of the same places, before and after the Syrian war of the city of Aleppo. A colorful video from the 1950s shows how the capital once was, and how it represented the country's possible future. The mosques were hit in the 90's as part of a revolt against Saddam Hussein. The flag of Iraq (Arabic: علم العراق ‎) includes the three equal horizontal red, white, and black stripes of the Arab Liberation flag, with takbīr in Kufic script written in the center.. What does Iraq look like? See Answer. And that past goes back to the beginning of civilization," Michael Goldfarb wrote on his time in Mosul. It would be worse. So many Jews today complement their religious lives by reading non-Jewish sources of inspiration and they should be more open about it. Iraq asks United States to set up mechanism for troop withdrawal. There are major differences within the KRG between the two major parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, and the Kurdistan Democratic Party. At three, I survived Gulf War I and then lived through the economic sanctions for the next 12 or so years. Â, However, photos from the past present Iraq's better times. These images prove there's more to the country than the violence embedded in Iraqi history. But he believes there is still a chance of fulfilling the promise and the possibilities many envisioned for postwar Iraq. The current prime minister of Iraq is Adil Abdul-Mahdi al-Muntafiki, who took office in October 2018. Then-Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi claimed that Iraqi and allied forces have driven ISIL out of the country once and for all. The current iteration of the dinar is printed by the De La Rue Corporation of London and incorporates some of the most advanced security features among all the printed currencies of the world. I humbly submit this short comment. A view of Al Rasheed street in Baghdad, 1956.Â, These long-forgotten decades came before the looming national violence, Iran and Iraq divisions, the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. occupation and sweeping deadly conflict.Â. The near-term future looks rather bleak to many Iraqis, mainly because of the persistently high violence. What Is the Difference Between Iran and Iraq? The recent gains by the radical jihadist group the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) and its assorted allies helps to perpetuate this view. They are ghosts of their former glory. The British-instilled Iraqi monarchy was toppled by way of a military coup in 1958. Zebari describes Iraq today as "broken." Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/current-situation-in-iraq-2353055. I’ve talked before about how noisy classrooms are overrated in my article on growing up the child of a Deaf mom and teacher. The federal government in the capital city, Baghdad, is now dominated by the Shiite Arab majority, and Sunni Arabs, who formed the backbone of Saddam Hussein’s regime, feel marginalized. U.S.-Led Coalition Halts ISIS Fight as It Steels for Iranian Attacks, Nechirvan Barzani takes presidency of Iraq's Kurdish region, vacant since 2017, Iraq in Worst Political Crisis in Years as Death Toll Mounts From Protests, M.A., Near and Middle Eastern Studies, London University. After the Gulf War in 1991, previously used Swiss printing technology was not available, resulting in new notes being of lesser quality. Recent Developments. Normal life as we knew it before the pandemic must adjust to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey (D) asked Governor Tim Walz (D)… Maximum in Zawr Hawrān This is the moment when the eclipse reaches its greatest magnitude while the entire Moon is above the horizon in Zawr Hawrān. What has Iraq been like since the U.S. troops left? The previous versions of the Iraqi … (2021, February 16). Many Shiite politicians living in oil-rich provinces could also live without the interference from Baghdad. Shah Abbas the Great also enjoyed polo, and today you can still see the burly stone goal posts at either end of Esfahan’s Naqsh-e Jahan (Imam) Sq. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/08/current-situation-iraq Maybe it's not possible to keep it all together and Mosul could be where it starts to unravel," Mike Amitay of the Washington Kurdish Institute said. Modern-day restrictions aside, Iran does have an interesting sporting history. U.S.-IRAQ RELATIONS The U.S. Mission in Iraq is dedicated to our enduring strategic partnership with the Government of Iraq and the Iraqi people. a) what the people around us should look and b) what we should look like as individuals. Asked by Wiki User. Most Kurds support independence, joined by some Sunnis who want autonomy from the Shiite-led central government. No one can undo what's been done. The trip is taking place despite concerns about the pandemic and security. Here’s a brief look at why Francis is visiting Iraq, what the trip will entail and what he hopes to achieve. Plus, the view is tough to beat. BuzzFeed News spoke to three Syrians about what everyday life is like in the country’s brutal civil war, as the conflict enters its fifth year. Despite 12 years of war and conflict, despite all the bombings and kidnappings, despite the constant threat of ISIS, people in … It began "a pattern of bloodshed that can be traced across the centuries." China stands on the opposite end of the spectrum and Kenya lies somewhere in the middle. What Life After ISIS Looks Like In Iraq The Syrian government has declared victory over ISIS — years after the same was said of Iraq. The cost of an invasion would over time reach into the trillions of dollars. As forces from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria sweep across Iraq, conquering cities like Mosul and Tikrit, the Obama administration is pledging greater support for the Iraqi government. Beginning in October of 2019, mass anti-government protests took place in many cities in Iraq, protesting in part Iran's influence in the country and largely supported by the clerics. What does the city of babylon look like today Babylonia was a state in ancient Mesopotamia. Jay Cee. Stay on top of Iraq latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeera’s fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps. Secret diplomatic conversations through intermediaries resulted in a limited retaliation on the part of the Iranis, but 16 missiles were fired at Iraqi bases housing American and Iraqi troops. History. The country was known as "a main junction linking the East and the West," with a beautiful and expanding flourishing culture. Many Iranians are very proud of Tehran’s Milad Tower; not only is it the tallest tower in the country (and the sixth tallest in the world), but the structure’s 12 floors also include an observation deck, a rotating restaurant, and a number of public art galleries. The federal government is a coalition of Shiite, Sunni, Kurdish, and other leaders. Until 2018, the federal government of Iraq was headed by Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, who kept the country together through wars and financial crises. "Iraq is a failed state because it was unable to meet the diverse needs of a diverse people. Iraq, a country with a majority Shia population, was gripped by a series of sectarian conflicts before the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2006, which later grew to become ISIL. Similar scenes played out in Mosul, Iraq’s second-largest city. Abadi, a Shiite, emerged as a strong leader for Iraq with historically high levels of Sunni support for his nationalist, anti-sectarian stance. https://www.thoughtco.com/current-situation-in-iraq-2353055 (accessed May 11, 2021). In 19 July 2012 an ongoing military confrontation began in Aleppo, the largest city in Syria, as a part of the Syrian Civil War. What does the 21st Century-Ready Classroom Sound Like? The war has forced over half of the population to flee their … My Twitter Feed is always full of teachers and administrators professing a “new” messy and noisy style of learning. On Jan. 3, 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump ordered the drone-strike assassination of the Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani and Iraqi military leader Abut Mahdi al-Muhandis and eight others at the Baghdad airport. Baghdad was a modernizing … I'm an Iraqi citizen and was just shy of four months old when the Iran-Iraq war ended. I … Also visible are … Little did they know that it would sadly continue from there on out. It looks like … U.S. support for the Iraqis may have played a role in Iran supporting militants who launched deadly attacks on the U.S. embassy and U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut in 1983. Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War. It would be worse. You could be jailed or even executed for contacting people outside Iraq. Some Iraqis, such as businessman and economist Hassan Hadad, say their country is starting to turn a corner. Political divisions in combination with high unemployment and devastating wars have made Iraq one of the most unstable countries in the Middle East. It has been under Iraqi governmental control, but the Kurd population has insisted the city belongs to their community. In most urbanized areas (Erbil, Baghdad, Basra) women wear long pants, shirts with only half sleeves, and dress as they like. Here’s what it’s like to grow up as a Jew in Iraq By Ben Sales October 3, 2019 12:28 pm Ceen Gabbai was born and raised as a Jew in Iraq, and received asylum in the United States in 2015. As Karbala settled into a calm in the 1950's and 1960's, Karbala eventually faced violent experiences with its famed Shia shrines. Multinational military operations against the terrorist group intensified in 2017–2018, displacing at least 3.2 million Iraqis, over 1 million from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Iraq’s Kurdish minority has its own government and security forces. The city of Babylon, whose ruins are located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than 4,000 years ago as a small port town on the Euphrates River. Iraqi history author Justin Marozzi said divisive Sunni and Shia conflict hit the capital city as early as the year 762. The true maximum point of this eclipse cannot be seen in Zawr Hawrān because the Moon is below the horizon at that time. Because of its location, Iraqis call it "Thagher el-Iraq," translating into "Iraq's mouth.". Was killing Soleimani a good idea? In this particular photo, worshippers are seen outside of the Husayn Mosque.Â, The beautiful and long-standing mosques are what make the city special. These photos show a more composed Baghdad. However, the 1950s and 1960s presented some trouble in the government centers of Iraq. What does Cancel Culture look like in Kenya Today? Cities in Syria and Iraq have been wrested from the Islamic State at a terrible cost. Eric March. President Trump and the State Department have rejected that option, instead threatening sanctions against Iraq. Central Bank of Iraq, May 2015. This Is What Life In Syria Is Like After Four Years Of War. In the Saddam era, Jabouri says, Iraq was like a big prison. It is called Mystery Babylon, to mean only the wise will identify it accurately, one day. ... Iraq. Continue Reading Below. SEE ALSO: Here are 15 photos of ISIS' final days in its Iraqi stronghold NOW WATCH: Iraqi's current Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi. If a war does break out the US will seek to pummel Iran's armed forces. Answering a nonbinding parliamentary vote led by Iraq's Shiite Muslim political blocs, acting Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi called for the 5,200 American troops in Iraq to withdraw from the country. Top Answer. The peg was then switched to the US Dollar at a rate of 1 IQD to 2.8 USD. On the other side of the debate are the nationalists, both Sunni and Shiite, who advocate a unified Iraq with a strong central government. The London-based Foreign Relations Bureau of Iraq is an opposition group comprised of Iraqi diaspora as well as in-country Iraqis. For example, nearly 800 people were killed last month with 315 killed in the capital city of Baghdad alone. The Kurds are at odds with the central government over the division of oil profits and the final status of mixed Arab-Kurdish territories. The people of Iraq and onlookers from around the world deserve a look back on the country's more peaceful times:Â. Approximately 5,200 American soldiers are still based in Iraq. One of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. It felt very strange being American and half Iraqi and seeing my father watch his home be destroyed for the nth time. As Secretary of Defense under President Clinton, Bill Perry has spent most of his life watching the world prepare for nuclear war. But life goes on. Kirkuk likewise has disputed relevance to Kurds. I'm an Iraqi citizen and was just shy of four months old when the Iran-Iraq war ended. How has Iraqi government changed over Iraqi history? Iranians marching in homage of top general Qasem Soleimani. Kurds voted for an independent Kurdistan in 2017, but Baghdad considered the referendum illegal, and Iraq's federal Supreme Court ruled that no Iraqi province was allowed to secede. And a terrorist group, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), came into the country this year, furthering the devastating destruction in a mission to establish an Islamic state. To develop as their capital and is n't even past with a beautiful and expanding flourishing.... First official currency of Iraq is an opposition group comprised of Iraqi diaspora well. N'T a new concept for Baghdadis. like the Iraq War at why Francis is visiting Iraq, what the will... 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Offensive against Iraq a highly attractive city within the Nineveh province that has a vast of... By some Sunnis who want autonomy from the Shiite-led central government State in ancient Mesopotamia its! Presented some trouble in the highlands and mountain valleys of the persistently violence... A chance of fulfilling the promise and the future uncertain central government sites, such as and... The interference from Baghdad for contacting people outside Iraq insisted the city of look... Its complex is known to be right where the Battle of Karbala occurred in the East! Authentic, so too are these soul-searching religious Jews authentic peaceful years War... Dress in a politically autonomous settlement East. Syria and Iraq have been killed and 19,000 wounded and! City as early as the first official currency of Iraq is a coalition of Shiite,,! The Persian Gulf form a caliphate in Iraq consist of belongs to their community partnership with the central.. 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